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Scientists have pre-programmed materials to change their shape over time.

A singularly distinguished roster of scientists, and others, with an interest in wildlife conservation have signed a petition calling for Theresa May to impose a “total UK ban on ivory sales” (Conservationists and MPs call for a total UK ban on ivory sales, theguardian.com, 22 September), claiming that Andrea Leadsom’s announcement of a ban on post-1947 ivory “falls short of what is needed”. I beg to differ.

The entire community of art historians, curators, connoisseurs and collectors unequivocally supports the preservation of endangered species. But by the same token it can be said with confidence that bona fide, pre-1947 works of art documented by Cites (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) made of or incorporating ivory have no impact whatsoever on the thirst for modern tusks and trinkets: these are two utterly separate issues.

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The world's first baby has been born using a new "three person" fertility technique, heralding a new era in medicine, say experts.

Entrepreneur Elon Musk outlines his vision for establishing a human colony on Mars for people that can afford a $200,000 ticket price.

If you live in an area where your council is opposed to fracking, we’d like to hear from you. Get in touch below

Within the next fortnight, the government will decide whether to accept shale company Cuadrilla’s appeal against Lancashire county council’s decision last year to turn down its application for two fracking sites.

Related: Bid to drill shale wells in Nottinghamshire 'should get green light'

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Officials say IGas application to drill two wells at Springs Road, former cold war missile launch site, should be approved

• Do you live in an area where proposed fracking is condemned by your council?

A planning application to drill two exploratory shale gas wells at a former cold war missile launch site in north Nottinghamshire should go ahead, officials have said.

In a report hundreds of pages long, planning officers for Nottinghamshire county council said the bid by shale company IGas to drill at Springs Road, Misson, should be granted.

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The UK’s withdrawal from the EU could also force it to exit the Euratom treaty on nuclear energy, ENDS has learned

The UK’s withdrawal from the EU could also force it to exit the Euratom Treaty on nuclear energy, ENDS has learned.

The Euratom Treaty, which applies to all EU member states, seeks to promote nuclear safety standards, investment and research within the bloc. Although it is governed by EU institutions, it has retained a separate legal identity since its adoption in 1957.

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The first footage of a rare giant jumping rat born at Chester Zoo is released.

As Ineos takes first shale gas shipment from US, its CEO Jim Ratcliffe says without fracking UK manufacturing’s future is ‘gloomy’

The billionaire hoping to become Britain’s biggest fracker has said banning shale gas would cement the decline of UK manufacturing, as he brushed off environmental concerns about the hotly disputed energy source.

Speaking as his petrochemicals firm Ineos took delivery of the first ever shipment of shale gas from the US, Jim Ratcliffe addressed Labour’s announcement that it would ban fracking, which he insists could create jobs in some of the party’s former industrial heartlands.

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Professor Michele Dougherty explains the importance of the water plumes on Jupiter's moon

Beijing faces pressure at global summit to close 200 farms where tigers are bred for luxury goods and end its obstructive tactics

China has been accused of deceiving the international community by allowing a network of farms to breed thousands of captive tigers for the sale of their body parts, in breach of their own longstanding ban on the trade.

The Chinese government has allowed about 200 specialist farms to hold an estimated 6,000 tigers for slaughter, before their skins are sold as decoration and their bones are marinated to produce tonics and lotions. Campaigners say this has increased demand for the products and provoked the poaching of thousands of wild tigers, whose global population is now down to just 3,500.

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Evidence obtained by the Guardian shows how treasury coffers swelled with 2% tax on trades worth up to $45m including tigers, rhinos and elephants

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Officials at the highest level of an Asian government have been helping wildlife criminals smuggle millions of dollars worth of endangered species through their territory, the Guardian can reveal.

In an apparent breach of current national and international law, for more than a decade the office of the prime minister of Laos has cut deals with three leading traffickers to move hundreds of tonnes of wildlife through selected border crossings.

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With biofuel potential limited and emissions rising, the need for industry to act is urgent. Hopes rest on a global UN carbon offset scheme to be negotiated at the ICAO summit this week - but critics remain unconvinced

When a South Africa Airways scheduled flight flew from Johannesburg to Cape Town last month, it carried nearly 300 passengers.

Neither the passengers or the pilots would have noticed any difference between that flight and any other.

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Delegates at the Cites meeting in Johannesburg have defeated an attempt to set up a process to resume sales of ivory.

Scientists extract fossil proteins - some of biological tissue's building blocks - in a 3.8 million year-old ostrich eggshell.

UN agency recognises ‘importance of strengthening our vegetation protection laws’, Queensland’s Jackie Trad says

Unesco has acknowledged the importance of stymied tree-clearing controls in Queensland to efforts to protect the Great Barrier Reef, according to the state’s deputy premier, Jackie Trad.

Trad has emerged from a meeting in Paris with a Unesco official, Fanny Douvere, to declare the state Labor government would restore clearing controls, one of its “key commitments” to the reef, if it won another term of office.

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More than 1 million people died from dirty air in one year, according to World Health Organisation

China is the world’s deadliest country for outdoor air pollution, according to analysis by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

The UN agency has previously warned that tiny particulates from cars, power plants and other sources are killing 3 million people worldwide each year.

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Having your new home custom designed to your specifications sounds like a pretty good idea. What’s involved?

While it might be easier to choose a standard design on offer from your local home builder, some of us would like a unique home that reflects our individuality. But is it really worth going through the process of designing everything from the ground up?

Susan Briggs thinks so. When she and her husband Nigel decided to bite the bullet, demolish their 1950s Perth home, and build a new one, they sought a builder who would love their unusual block the same way they did.

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Whitley Chapel, Northumberland Water drains from surrounding sandy banks into a peaty bowl where it is held by underlying clay

The area south of Hexham known as the Shire is an undulating landscape of fields and woods threaded by minor roads. It has a homely quality, a hint of Tolkien’s Shire. Among its small settlements is Whitley Chapel, where the church of St Helen squats on the knoll of Chapel Hill.

In the 17th century the Society of Friends held their meetings on Chapel Hill and the boggy area below it was known as Quakers’ Hollow, now Quakers’ Hole. Two farms border this semi-natural wetland, Moss House and Mire House, their names speaking of the terrain, ”moss” being a Northumbrian word for a bog.

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The Scottish Fold is a lovely cat, but unfortunately suffers from health problems related to its breeding. Cat image from www.shutterstock.com

Cats are one of the world’s favourite pets, but in our efforts to breed more attractive felines, we are metaphorically loving them to death.

Like British Bulldogs and extreme styles of pigeons, some cats bred to please a human sense of beauty suffer from serious health problems. This is the case for a particularly lovely cat, the Scottish Fold.

It has long been known that breeding Scottish Folds risks health problems, but research is mounting that it is impossible to mitigate this risk. It is time to ban the breeding of this type of cat, as other nations have done.

Why so cute?

The Scottish Fold is a rare feline breed. It originated when a naturally occuring mutant cat was born in Scotland during the last century, at a farm near Coupar Angus in Perthshire. The cat had forward-folding ears because her ear cartilage wasn’t rigid enough to support her ears.

Her name was Susie and she looked cute. Cute enough that, in a great UK tradition, they wanted to preserve the mutation by breeding her with British short-haired cats and local farm cats. And so the Scottish Fold was born.

Why do people like cats with floppy ears? Many authorities think this is because of the Lorenzian theory of beauty, named in honour of Konrad Lorenz who was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on ethology, the study of animal behaviour.

Most people, especially children, find a round face resembling that of a human comforting, whereas the longer snout and erect ears (of, say, a wolf) is potentially frightening. For this reason, many people find the appearance of owls pleasing to the eye, which is why they have owl cafes in Tokyo, and why so many people collect owl figurines.

So a Scottish Fold looks owl-like, and for many people this is a highly desirable trait.

Tracing the mutation

It didn’t take long for veterinarians and scientists to figure out that if the cartilage in the ear was defective, then cartilage in the joints might also be dodgy. The British geneticist Oliphant Jackson demonstrated this unequivocally in a most elegant series of classic genetic and radiological experiments in a hospital basement in the 1970s.

Cats, like people, have two copies of most genes. Jackson showed that cats like Susie (and her daughter Snooks), which both had a single copy of the postulated defective gene, were reasonably normal.

In contrast, cats with two copies of the dud gene developed crippling arthritis from an early age. Sensibly, Jackson suggested the breeding of such cats be banned, and that’s what happened in the UK and France.

But some Scottish Folds were exported to the US. Unfortunately, in that jurisdiction breeding was allowed, with the proviso that a Scottish Fold only be mated to a Scottish Shorthair (a normal cat with a similar genetic background, but with normal ears and hence normal cartilage). This type of mating resulted in half of each litter of kittens (on average) having folded ears, the other half being Scottish Shorthairs. And so the breed went on.

In the early 1990s a group of Australian veterinarians demonstrated convincingly that all Scottish Fold cats have abnormal bone development of their distal limbs. This is generally associated with early onset and accelerated progression of osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) in joints of the distal limbs and tail. The ankle and wrist were the joints most obviously affected, especially the ankles.

In time all Folds develop adverse changes. This work was confirmed and extended subsequently by Japanese and Korean investigators. Yet Scottish Folds are still bred in the US, Asia and even Australia.

Two years ago a collaboration between Australian, European and American researchers uncovered the science behind the problem. Their research was recently published in the journal Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.

The problem lies in a gene that affects cells involved with pressure and pain sensing within cartilage. Children with a very similar genetic defect have comparable bone deformities to affected Scottish Fold cats.

What does this mean for the cats?

Scottish Shorthairs have normal ears and are completely healthy. They are lovely, sweet-natured cats.

Scottish Folds have shortened limbs, an abnormal gait, a peculiar and sometimes stiff or painful tail, and the propensity to develop osteoarthritis at an earlier age. This causes variable lameness (often severe) and secondary deformity.

The truth is, we have known since Jackson’s work in the 1970s that breeding Scottish Fold cats is ethically indefensible.

Yet the practice has continued in most jurisdictions, with cat breeders and veterinarians turning a blind eye to the frequently obvious problems.

While there are still questions to be answered, we already possess sufficient information to know that breeding these cats is cruel. Vets and cat breeders who condone this practice have no scientific basis with which to defend this practice. They are not breeding cats – they are perpetuating a disease state.

What to do

The breeding of Scottish Folds has been effectively banned in Victoria. It should be the same in every state of Australia and every country overseas.

In my opinion, the RPSCA should seek out people who advertise these cats for sale and prosecute them.

We cannot condone breeding cats because it’s in our nature to think they are cute, when pain and suffering will afflict a substantial proportion of these cats for much of their life, with ongoing requirements for medication and sometimes even radiation therapy or surgery.

Scottish Shorthairs have the same sweet personality and behavioural features of Scottish Folds, but they don’t get the joint issues. These could be bred and shown in the place of the Folds. They are lovely cats.

The solution is that simple. It’s time to stop pussyfooting around.

Richard Malik does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond the academic appointment above.