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People who habitually feed birds as well as cafes and restaurants that improperly dispose of food to be hit with £80 fine

Seaside residents and holidaymakers who feed seagulls could be fined under new council powers in an effort to stop the birds attacking people for food.

People who feed the often aggressive birds could be hit with an £80 fine as part of public space protection orders (PSPOs) issued by East Devon district council.

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Construction is set to begin on one of the largest solar projects in Australia's development pipeline, after the 148MW Ross River Solar Farm this week achieved financial close.

Imagining an Australia where every town is running off its own renewable energy projects is becoming a reality. Victoria is on the case.

As the weather cools, wholesale electricity prices still hover around $100/MWh – still driven by gas prices that are higher than they were a year ago.

Tasmanian government intervenes to shield homes and business from "unacceptable" 15% power price hike.

Palaszczuk government investigating feasibility of 50MW, or bigger, hydro power station at Burdekin Falls Dam.

ARENA says solar PV could account for 30% of Australia's power needs by 2030, as it unveils its new investment priorities - storage and reliability, solar innovation, energy productivity and renewable energy exports. Also, expect an announcement on solar thermal soon.

Otley, West Yorkshire It ran around the back of our house, connecting it to the fields via a conduit of green shadows

Mid-run, I suddenly stop by the inconspicuous entrance. I have passed it many times, but the thought to revisit never occurred until now. As an adult, with my sense of scale expanded, perhaps it had acquired a sort of invisibility, vivid in the memory but overlooked in the present.

You might refer to it as a ginnel. You might even, depending on where you grew up, know it as a gennel, a guinnel or a jennel; a yard, a 10-foot or a close; a chare, a chure or a chewar; a jitty, a jigger or an ennog.

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The Department is seeking comments on the Draft Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Consultation period closes 24 July 2017.

Canadian Solar's Oakey and Longreach projects to begin construction this month, after reaching financial close with help from CEFC.

Origin sells 110MW Darling Downs solar project, but will buy its output, and it appoints energy and IT venture capitalist to board.

Citizen scientists seek out the elusive malleefowl; we go behind the scenes at the CWA tea rooms; learn a trick or two about riding a donkey; and check out an 'eggcellent' free ranging egg business.

Elon Musk talks of upcoming Tesla truck, more Gigafactories, and how cars in future could navigate through subterranean tunnels on electric roller skates.

Recommended feed in tariff for NSW solar households more than doubles to range of 11.6c/kWh to 14.6c/kWh, reflecting jump in wholesale prices that will affect grid prices.

In a major win, the Andrews Labor Government has reached agreement with all 3 generators to participate in the landmark worker transfer scheme to help displaced Hazelwood workers.

The 4th Australasian Emissions Reduction Summit will be held on 2-3 May 2017.

The 4th Australasian Emissions Reduction Summit will be held on 2-3 May 2017.

The 4th Australasian Emissions Reduction Summit will be held on 2-3 May 2017.

Originally published in the Manchester Guardian on 1 May 1917

April 30
All weekend, from dawn to dusk, the chiff-chaff throbbed in the trees, its small body jerking with each emphatic note; everywhere in the Delamere woods I heard the cheerful music of the willow wrens, which, a friend told me, reached here in numbers on the night of the 25th-26th, though he heard several at Marbury on Wednesday. Yesterday I heard a cuckoo before I was up, and it was calling at Bowdon on the previous day; the corncrake, which usually arrives about the same time as the cuckoo, was seen at Hatchmere in the middle of the week. It was seen, though not heard, for the grass, though now full of “sweeps,” is still short, and the corncrake prefers to call when it is hidden. Swallows have been joined by house martins – on Thursday a number were seen together on one Cheshire pool for the first time, though odd martins had been noticed earlier in other places. Yesterday the tree pipit was singing as it descended towards its perch, and a beautiful male redstart was in one of the woods, where the anemone is now plentiful and marsh marigolds, are at last appearing. Primroses are out on the banks with other belated spring flowers – veined wood sorrel, moschatel, dog violets, and golden saxifrage. Bumble-bees are stirring the wind-dried leaves as they prospect for future nesting holes, and hive-bees are busy in the garden. Spring has at last asserted itself.

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Coastal marine food webs could be in danger of collapse as a result of rising carbon dioxide levels, according to our new research. The study shows that although species such as algae will receive a boost, the positive effects are likely to be cancelled out by the increased stress to species further up the food chain such as predatory fish.

Food webs are essentially networks of species that interact with each other. The connection between them can stabilise systems, for instance by preventing particular species from becoming too common, thereby encouraging the presence of a wide range of species.

These pathways can be quite stable, but they are vulnerable to ocean warming and acidification. Such food webs are therefore sensitive to changing climates, through potential changes both to plant growth (bottom-up effects) and to predator abundance and behaviour (top-down effects).

Because of the sheer complexity of species interactions within these food webs, we struggle to understand what future food webs might look like and how humans will be affected through changes in the services provided by the ocean, such as food, materials and energy.

Test tank

We used a self-contained ecosystem in a 2,000-litre tank to study the effects of warming and ocean acidification on a coastal food web. This approach can give us a good idea of what might happen to genuine coastal food webs, because the tank (called a “mesocosm”) contains natural habitats and a range of species that interact with one another, just as they do in the wild.

Our food web had three levels: primary producers (algae), herbivores (invertebrates), and predators (fish).

The results show that carbon dioxide enrichment can actually boost food webs from the bottom up through increased algal growth. This benefited herbivores because of the higher abundance of food, and in turn boosted the very top of the food web, where fish grew faster.

But while this effect of ocean acidification may be seen as positive for marine ecosystems, it mainly benefits “weedy” species – a definition that can be applied to some species of algae, invertebrates, and even fish.

In contrast, habitat-forming species such as kelp forests and coral reefs are more likely to disappear with rising CO₂ emissions, and with them many associated species that are deprived of their habitats and food.

Detrimental effect

Our results therefore showed that warming had a detrimental overall effect on the coastal food web we studied. Although higher temperatures boosted algal growth, herbivorous populations did not expand. Because herbivore abundances remained similar and elevated temperatures result in a higher metabolic demand, predatory fish consumed more herbivorous prey, resulting in a collapse of these prey populations.

These results show how the benefits of one human-induced effect (increased ocean CO₂) are cancelled out by the negative effects of a co-occuring stressor (ocean warming). More importantly, it also shows how interactions between species (predator and prey, in this case) can alter the outcome of climate stressors on individual species.

Such indirect effects within the web of life have remained largely unstudied, despite the fact that they may in many cases be more important than direct effects in terms of their future impacts.

For example, habitat loss and loss of predator species are key indirect effects that can alter species populations within food webs. However, these effects also offer the opportunity for some conservation wins.

First, humans are altering marine ecosystems in many other ways than just climate change, such as through pollution, habitat destruction, and eutrophication (an excess of nutrients, often caused by runoff from land). By reducing these effects we could reduce the overall burden on marine species, potentially buying them time to adapt to climate change across generations.

Second, by reducing habitat loss from other human impacts – by implementing well-designed sanctuary zones – we can also maintain the habitats, prey and other organisms on which species depend for their growth and survival.

Finally, studies suggest that the top of food webs will be disproportionately affected by climate change, and research has shown that predators play important roles in maintaining diversity and general ecosystem health. By reducing the ongoing global overfishing of predatory species worldwide, we might relieve some of the direct effects of climate change on food webs and ecosystems.

Ivan Nagelkerken receives funding from the Australian Research Council.

Sean Connell receives funding from The Australian Research Council.

Silvan Goldenberg does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond the academic appointment above.